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“The sun’s glow had given way to a brilliant twilight that colored the great mountains with violet and orange rivers.” – Michael R. Hicks
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1. Landscaping with Trees & Shrubs
———River Corridor and Watershed Management——— 14-1 Chapter 14 River Corridor and Watershed Management Chapter Overview There is a growing interest among those concerned and involved in managing flood-prone lands to broaden the area of interest beyond the regulatory floodplain, to look at the entire river corridor. Top 10 EBook Torrent Sites: Book Torrents Let’s look briefly at the best torrent site for books #1 The Pirate Bay. The Pirate Bay, as the slogan suggests, “the galaxy’s most resilient BitTorrent site” is one of the most reliable torrent sites in the world. It has was inaugurated in April 2009 and since then even though after several restrictions on it has grown from strength to strength. This productive soil, commonly found along low-lying river floodplains. Or rain-on-snow events strike, the river becomes a raging torrent that can erode rock.
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Landscaping with Trees & Shrubs (PDF (Zipped))
2. 16 Free Garden Plans & Plant Lists
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16 Free Garden Plans & Plant Lists (PDF)
Free Ebooks
3. Plant Hardiness Zones Worldwide
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Plant Hardiness Zones Worldwide (PDF)
- Lectures on Landscape by John Ruskin (All formats) [View / Download]
- Make a garden plot in less than an hour (PDF) [View / Download]
- Homeowner’s Guide to Landscaping (83 pages) (PDF) [View / Download]
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- DigitalBookIndex.org (17 free ebooks) (Various formats) [View / Download]
- Free Yard Plans And Designs (Images) [View / Download]
- 38 Garden Design Ideas Turning Your Home Into a Peaceful Refuge (Images) [View / Download]
- Landscape Ideas (Online reading only) [View / Download]
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD; European Commission 2000) introduced a new focus in river management by putting the protection and restoration of the aquatic environment as a key issue on the water policy agenda. This expanded emphasis on restoration activities reflects global efforts to make river management more sustainable by better integrating policy and science to harmonize engineering, ecological, and social concerns in governing river basins. Over the last 20–30 years, several management frameworks such as Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) or adaptive management (AM) have been developed in a series of separate, parallel experiments to achieve these goals. While specific details may vary, most of these management lineages converged on broadly common ways to sustainably manage natural resources and human activities in river basins in an integrated, interdisciplinary approach. The need to put restoration and conservation activities in a social context is increasingly considered mandatory in recent management programs (see Chap. 16).
What Is Meant by Restoration?
Amazon River Floodplain
Various definitions illustrate how diverse restoration activities are perceived and implemented as “restoration,” based on a different, partly contrasting understanding of the general objectives and the methods of restoring river ecosystems. In numerous cases, so-called restoration projects are merely attempts to convert selected sections of riverine systems to some predetermined structure and function, e.g., as spawning areas of a target fish species. Here, as in attempts limited to partial restoration (Roni and Beechie 2013) or to artificial stimulation of natural processes or structures, the term rehabilitation rather than restoration should be used. Furthermore, creation, reclamation, or reallocation refers to the conversion of an ecosystem into a different one and so likewise should not be confounded with restoration (Jungwirth et al. 2002).
Briefly, restoration initializes the reestablishment of specific river-type conditions. These processes work to reinforce each other in achieving a self-sustaining status. As such they reflect characteristic structures, processes, and functions of a comparable river/river type with only minor human impacts that corresponds to at least “good ecological and chemical status” of rivers required by the WFD. Thus, river restoration refers to a large variety of measures addressing as key components the morphology and hydrology of rivers as well as measures linked to land use practices and spatial planning. Often such approaches are packaged as bundles of measures directed toward a self-sustaining status by promoting multiple functions and services of river systems in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management, and landscape development (ECRR 2016).
In this chapter, the term “restoration” will be used to refer to any of the above addressed activities.